What is adenochrome The role of in stimulating the oxidation of catecholamines
Adrenochrome, a stable oxidation product formed after oxidation of adrenaline, strongly stimulates oxygen uptake occurring during the autoxidation of adrenaline, other catecholamines and ascorbate. Oxygen consumed is converted to hydrogen peroxide suggesting the occurrence of a redox cycling process. The reduction of what is adenochrome operated by adrenaline is accelerated by the exclusion of oxygen indicating that the oxidation of adrenaline occurs directly and superoxide anion does not necessarily mediate it. Oxygen consumption, observed in the catecholamine/what is adenochrome and ascorbate/adrenochrome systems, is due to the autoxidation of leucoadrenochrome that, at variance with adrenaline, easily autoxidizes also at physiological pH. Therefore, in these systems, leucoadrenochrome appears to be the major determinant of the production of superoxide anion.
What is adenochrome the effects of and epinephrine were investigated in cultured human umbilical arterial endothelial cells. The cells were exposed to either adrenochrome or epinephrine at levels of 50 and 200 microM, respectively, up to 24 hrs. At 3, 5, 7 and 24 hrs of the designed harvesting time, [3H]thymidine incorporation, protein content, [3H]cholesterol uptake, prostacyclin production and lipid peroxidation were measured. We found that adrenochrome at a level of 200 microM inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation, decreased protein content, stimulated [3H]cholesterol uptake, and decreased prostacyclin production after 3, 5, 24 and 5 hrs of exposure, respectively, compared with control. It took 24 hrs however for epinephrine at a level of 200 microM to inhibit [3H]thymidine incorporation and prostacyclin production. When the concentration was reduced to 50 microM, only adrenochrome inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation after 24 hrs of treatment. Both adrenochrome and epinephrine had no effect on lipid peroxidation. We suggest that atherogenic changes found in severe hypertension may be due to abnormal high concentration of epinephrine, especially oxidized epinephrine, on endothelial cell functions, such as DNA synthesis, cholesterol uptake and prostacyclin production.
Some of the changes produced by what is adenochrome may persist several days, and in some cases, the effects lead to nearly disastrous results. Two cases of prolonged reactions are discussed in the chapter. There is also a discussion regarding the reaction that lasted more than one day after a single administration of adrenolutin as well as reactions up to one week. The changes in thinking induced by adrenochrome are similar to those observed in schizophrenia. What is adenochrome causes an elective inhibition of the process, which determines the content of associative thinking. This occurs in doses that do not heighten the lability of basic processes, do not reduce excitation, and do not loose temporary connections as is the case with LSD.